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Denuder and Filter - Annular Denuder and Dual-Stage Filter sampling
Measurements of gaseous and particulate-phase aerosols in ambient air by annular denuder and filter pack to quantify dry deposition. Over a one-month period, ambient air is actively pumped through adsorbant-coated annular glass tubes (denuder) and a dual stage filter pack where target aerosols are accumulated. Denuders and filters are extracted and analyzed for target ions by ion chromatography (IC). Denuders are analyzed for ammonia (NH3) as ammonium (NH4+) and nitric acid (HNO3) as nitrate (NO3-). Nylon-membrane filters are analyzed for volatized NO3-. The teflon filters are halved and analyzed by IC for NH4+, NO3-, sulfate (SO42-), fluoride (F-), nitrite (NO2-), chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO43-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+) and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for 45 elements.
Dustfall - Dustfall
An open jar collects dust fall over a 30-day period. Sampling and lab analysis follows ASTM International standard 'Designation: D1739 − 98 (Reapproved 2017) - Standard Test Method for Collection and Measurement of Dustfall (Settleable Particulate Matter)'
Dustfall-FMFN - Dustfall - FMFN Operated Network
This dustfall sampling network is operated and maintained by Fort McKay First Nation. An open jar collects dust fall over a 30-day period. Sampling and lab analysis follows ASTM International standard 'Designation: D1739 − 98 (Reapproved 2017) - Standard Test Method for Collection and Measurement of Dustfall (Settleable Particulate Matter)'
ECOC - Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon
Ambient air is drawn through a PM2.5 size selective inlet, then a quartz particulate filter at 16.7 litres per minutes over a 24 hour period. The filter is sent to the laboratory where the analysis of Elemental Carbon (EC) and Organic Carbon (OC) following the IMPROVE A protocol are carried out.
FMFN TSP E-Sampler - FMFN Total Suspended Particulates Measured by E-Sampler
Ambient air is drawn through a teflon filter via a Met One E-Sampler. Sample filters are sent to the laboratory for mass analysis.
FMFN TSP Filter - FMFN Total Suspended Particulates Filter
Ambient air is drawn through a teflon filter via a Partisol 2000i sampler fitted with a TSP head. Sample filters are sent to the laboratory for mass analysis.
IER - Cation - Ion Exchange Resin
Measurements of ionic inputs from precipitation or canopy throughfall solution by ion exchange resin sampling to quantify deposition. Over a seasonal period (snow or rain dominated), the precipitation is passively collected and diverted through a column of mixed-bed ion exchange resin beads that adsorbs and accumulates ions from the solution. Columns extracted with potassium iodide (KI) are analyzed for nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), and phosphate (PO42-) by ion chromatograhy and NH4+ by colorimetry. Columns extracted with ammonium acetate (NH4C2H3O2) are analyzed for Ca+, Mg2+, and Na+ by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
IER - N&S - Ion Exchange Resin
Measurements of ionic inputs from precipitation or canopy throughfall solution by ion exchange resin sampling to quantify deposition. Over a seasonal period (snow or rain dominated), the precipitation is passively collected and diverted through a column of mixed-bed ion exchange resin beads that adsorbs and accumulates ions from the solution. Columns extracted with potassium iodide (KI) are analyzed for nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), and phosphate (PO42-) by ion chromatograhy and NH4+ by colorimetry. Columns extracted with ammonium acetate (NH4C2H3O2) are analyzed for Ca+, Mg2+, and Na+ by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
Lichen - Lichen - General
Measurements of elemental concentrations in lichen tissue for use as a biomonitor of fertility and pollutants. Lichen samples are collected, cleaned of foreign material, passed through a grinder, and analyzed for target elements. Total sulphur (TS) is determined by dry combustion and infrared detection. Total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion and thermal conductivity or Kjeldahl wet extraction and colorimetric analysis. Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Lichen Clamit - Lichen - Terrestrial - Cladonia (Cladina) mitis
Measurements of elemental concentrations in the tissues of the epiphytic lichen species Cladonia (Cladina) mitis (Reindeer lichen) for use as a biomonitor of fertility and pollutants. Lichen samples are collected, cleaned of foreign material, passed through a grinder, and analyzed for target elements. Total sulphur (TS) is determined by dry combustion and infrared detection. Total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion and thermal conductivity or Kjeldahl wet extraction and colorimetric analysis. Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Lichen Evemes - Lichen - Epiphytic Arboreal - Evernia mesomorpha
Measurements of elemental concentrations in the tissues of the epiphytic arboreal lichen species Evernia mesomorpha (Boreal oakmoss) for use as a biomonitor of atmospheric pollutants. On a three to six-year interval, lichen samples are collected, cleaned of foreign material, passed through a grinder, and analyzed for target elements. Total sulphur (TS) is determined by dry combustion and infrared detection. Total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion and thermal conductivity or Kjeldahl wet extraction and colorimetric analysis. Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Lichen Hypphy - Lichen - Epiphytic Arboreal - Hypogymnia physodes
Measurements of elemental concentrations in the tissues of the epiphytic arboreal lichen species Hypogymnia physodes (Monk's hood, Hooded tube) for use as a biomonitor of atmospheric pollutants. On a three to six-year interval, lichen samples are collected, cleaned of foreign material, passed through a grinder, and analyzed for target elements. Total sulphur (TS) is determined by dry combustion and infrared detection. Total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion and thermal conductivity or Kjeldahl wet extraction and colorimetric analysis. Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Needles - 1yr - Foliage - Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) - one year old
Measurements of the chemical composition of one year old foliage (needles) of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) for use as a biomonitor of atmospheric pollutants. On a three to six-year interval, foliage samples of the target age class are collected from an excised branch, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Sulphate (SO4) is determined by acid digestion and ion chromatography (IC). Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Needles - 2yr - Foliage - Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) - two year old
Measurements of the chemical composition of two year old foliage (needles) of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) for use as a biomonitor of atmospheric pollutants. On a three to six-year interval, foliage samples of the target age class are collected from an excised branch, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Sulphate (SO4) is determined by acid digestion and ion chromatography (IC). Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Needles - CAG - Foliage - Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) - current year growth, current annual growth (CAG)
Measurements of the chemical composition of current year foliage (needles) of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) for use as a biomonitor of atmospheric pollutants. On a three to six-year interval, foliage samples of the target age class are collected from an excised branch, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Sulphate (SO4) is determined by acid digestion and ion chromatography (IC). Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Needles - Composite - Jack Pine Foliage (Needles) - composited/combined age classes
Measurements of the chemical composition of foliage (needles) of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) for use as a biomonitor of atmospheric pollutants. On a three to six-year interval, foliage samples from all age classes are collected from an excised branch, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Sulphate (SO4) is determined by acid digestion and ion chromatography (IC). Inorganic elements are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
PAH - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Ambient air is drawn through a glass fibre particulate filter, then a prepared glass sample cartridge containing a sandwich of XAD2 resin between two polyurethane plugs. Samples are sent to AirZone One Ltd. and eluted off the sample media and analyzed using Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS).
Passive HNO3 - Passive Monitoring for Nitric Acid
Measurements of gaseous nitric acid (HNO3) in ambient air by passive sampling to quantify pollutant concentrations. Over a one or two month period, HNO3 passively diffuses through a barrier (perforated cap and screen) and is chemisorbed onto the sodium chloride (NaCl) coated collection media. The media is extracted and analyzed for nitrate (NO3-) by ion chromatography (IC) and mass loading is converted to concentration of HNO3 in air using exposure time and an empirically derived flow rate (a function of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). The WBEA conducts passive HNO3 sampling using Ogawa-style sampler bodies.
Passive NH3 - Passive Monitoring for Ammonia
Measurements of gaseous ammonia (NH3) in ambient air by passive sampling to quantify pollutant concentration. Over a one or two month period, NH3 passively diffuses through a barrier (perforated cap and screen) and is adsorbed onto the citric acid (CA) coated collection media. The media is extracted and analyzed for ammonium (NH4+) by ion chromatography (IC) and mass loading is converted to concentration of NH3 in air using exposure time and an empirically derived flow rate (a function of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). The WBEA conducts passive NH3 sampling using Ogawa-style sampler bodies.
Passive NO2 - Passive Monitoring for Nitrogen Dioxide
Measurements of gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in ambient air by passive sampling to quantify pollutant concentration. Over a one or two month period, NO2 passively diffuses through a Teflon (PTFE) membrane and is adsorbed onto the CHEMIX-coated collection media. The media is extracted and analyzed for nitrite (NO2-) by ion chromatography (IC) and mass loading is converted to concentration of NO2 in air using exposure time and an empirically derived flow rate (a function of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). WBEA conducts passive NO2 sampling using samplers developed by Tang et al (1999).
Passive O3 - Passive Monitoring for Ozone
Measurements of ozone (O3) in ambient air by passive sampling to quantify gaseous pollutant concentration. Over a one or two month period, O3 passively diffuses through a Teflon (PTFE) membrane and interacts with the sodium nitrite (NaNO2) coated media, oxidizing the nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-). The media is extracted and analyzed for NO3- by ion chromatography (IC) and loading is converted to concentration of O3 in air based on exposure time and an empirically-derived flow rate (a function of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). WBEA conducts passive O3 sampling using samplers developed by Tang and Lau (2001).
Passive SO2 - Passive Monitoring for Sulphur Dioxide
Measurements of gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) in ambient air by passive sampling to quantify pollutant concentration. Over a one or two month period, SO2 passively diffuses through a Teflon (PTFE) membrane and is adsorbed onto the sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) coated collection media. The media is extracted and analyzed for sulfate (SO42-) by ion chromatography (IC) and mass loading is converted to concentration of SO2 in air using exposure time and an empirically derived flow rate (a function of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). WBEA conducts passive SO2 sampling using samplers developed by Tang et al (1997).
PM Blank Ion - Blank Particulate Filter Tested For Ions
Lab blanks are prepared in analytical laboratories to create a baseline for the analytical procedures. Lab blanks undergo the same process train as normal samples, including sample recovery, preparation, and analysis.
PM Blank Metal - Blank Particulate Filter Tested For Elements
Lab blanks are prepared in analytical laboratories to create a baseline for the analytical procedures. Lab blanks undergo the same process train as normal samples, including sample recovery, preparation, and analysis.
PM10 Ion - Particulate Matter <10μm Tested For Ions
Ambient air is drawn through a size selective inlet to allow particulate matter of the size 10µm and less. The air flow continues to the glass fibre filter where the PM is collected. Sample filters are sent to the laboratory for mass analysis. Once the mass is determined, the sample is analyzed using Ion Chromatography (IC) for target ions.
PM10 Metal - Particulate Matter <10μm Tested For Elements
Ambient air is drawn through a size selective inlet to allow particulate matter of the size 10µm and less. The air flow continues to the glass fibre filter where the PM is collected. Sample filters are sent to the laboratory for mass analysis. Once the mass is determined, the sample is analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma / Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for target metals.
PM2.5 Ion - Particulate Matter <2.5μm Tested For Ions
Ambient air is drawn through a size selective inlet to allow particulate matter of the size 2.5µm and less. The air flow continues to the glass fibre filter where the PM is collected. Sample filters are sent to the laboratory for mass analysis. Once the mass is determined, the sample is analyzed using Ion Chromatography (IC) for target ions.
PM2.5 Metal - Particulate Matter <2.5μm Tested For Elements
Ambient air is drawn through a size selective inlet to allow particulate matter of the size 2.5µm and less. The air flow continues to the glass fibre filter where the PM is collected. Sample filters are sent to the laboratory for mass analysis. Once the mass is determined, the sample is analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma / Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for target metals.
PRECIP - AITF - Precipitation
Precipitation is collected using a standard precipitation collector for wet precipitation only. Each week, any precipitation is collected and the sample bucket is replaced. Collected samples are sent to the InnoTech Lab(AITF) in Vegerville, AB for major ion analysis and pH and conductivity measurements.
PRECIP - NADP - Precipitation
Precipitation is collected using a standard precipitation collector for wet precipitation only. Each week, any precipitation is collected and the sample bucket is replaced. Collected samples are sent to the NADP laboratory at the University of Wisconsin for major ion analysis and pH and conductivity measurements.
RSC Canister - Reduced Sulphur Compound Canister
Ambient air is drawn into a silicosteel Summa canister over a 24 hour period on the NAPS schedule. The air is analyzed using GCMS for the WBEA target list of RSC compounds. This method was determined to be ineffective and has been abandoned.
Soil - 0-5 - Soil - Mineral - 0 to 5 cm depth
Measurements of the chemical composition of mineral soil collected at a 0 to 5 cm depth for monitoring of fertility and pollutants. On a six-year interval, mineral soil samples are collected, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Soil pH is measured in a calcium chloride (CaCl2) and soil solution with a probe and meter. Electrical conductivity (EC) is measured in 1:2 soil:water supernatant using a probe and meter. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Exchangable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Fe2+) are determined by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) extraction and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) are determined by water extraction and ICP. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-) are determined by potassium chloride (KCl) extraction and colorimetric analysis. Phosphorus (P) is determined by extraction with Bray-1 solution and colorimetric analysis or spectrophotometry. Sulphate (SO4) is determined by monocalcium phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2] extraction and ICP-AES.
Soil - 15-30 - Soil - Mineral - 15 to 30 cm depth
Measurements of the chemical composition of mineral soil collected at a 15 to 30 cm depth for monitoring of fertility and pollutants. On a six-year interval, mineral soil samples are collected, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Soil pH is measured in a calcium chloride (CaCl2) and soil solution with a probe and meter. Electrical conductivity (EC) is measured in a 1:2 soil:water supernatant using a probe and meter. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Exchangable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Fe2+) are determined by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) extraction and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) are determined by water extraction and ICP. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-) are determined by potassium chloride (KCl) extraction and colorimetric analysis. Phosphorus (P) is determined by extraction with Bray-1 solution and colorimetric analysis or spectrophotometry. Sulphate (SO4) is determined by monocalcium phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2] extraction and ICP-AES.
Soil - 5-15 - Soil - Mineral - 5 to 15 cm depth
Measurements of the chemical composition of mineral soil collected at a 5 to 15 cm depth for monitoring of fertility and pollutants. On a six-year interval, mineral soil samples are collected, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Soil pH is measured in a calcium chloride (CaCl2) and soil solution with a probe and meter. Electrical conductivity (EC) is measured in a 1:2 soil:water supernatant using a probe and meter. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Exchangable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Fe2+) are determined by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) extraction and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) are determined by water extraction and ICP. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-) are determined by potassium chloride (KCl) extraction and colorimetric analysis. Phosphorus (P) is determined by extraction with Bray-1 solution and colorimetric analysis or spectrophotometry. Inorganic sulphur is determined by monocalcium phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2] extraction and ICP-AES for total S.
Soil - LFH - Soil - Organic - Litter, Fermention, and Humus (LFH) layer
Measurements of the chemical composition of organic LFH (litter, fermented, humus) soil layer for monitoring of fertility and pollutants. On a six-year interval, LFH soil samples are collected, dried, ground, and analyzed for target compounds. Soil pH is measured in a calcium chloride (CaCl2) and soil solution with a probe and meter. Electrical conductivity (EC) is measured in a 1:4 soil:water supernatant using a probe and meter. Total carbon (TC), total sulphur (TS), and total nitrogen (TN) is determined by dry combustion. Exchangable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Fe2+) are determined by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) extraction and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) are determined by water extraction and ICP. Inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-) are determined by potassium chloride (KCl) extraction and colorimetric analysis. Phosphorus (P) is determined by extraction with Bray-1 solution and colorimetric analysis or spectrophotometry. Inorganic sulphur is determined by NH4Cl extraction and ICP-AES for total S and ion chromatography (IC) for sulfate-sulphur (SO4-S).
Triggered RSC - Triggered RSC Tubes
Ambient air is drawn through 2 adsorbent tubes in series to collect reduced sulphur compounds. Sampling can be triggered manually or automatically when the continuous ambient concentration exceeds the specified total reduced sulphur (TRS) threshold. The samples are analyzed by Thermal Desorption/Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (TD/GC/MS).
Triggered VOC - Triggered VOC Canister
Ambient air is drawn into a silicosteel Summa canister over a 45 min period. Sampling can be triggered manually or automatically when the continuous ambient concentration exceeds the specified non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) threshold. The samples are analyzed using Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectroscopy for the WBEA target list of compounds.
TSP Filter - Total Suspended Particulates Filter
Ambient air is drawn through 8 in by 10 in glass fibre filter via a high volume sampler. Sample filters are sent to the laboratory for mass analysis.
VOC Canister - Volatile Organic Compound Canister
Ambient air is drawn into a silicosteel Summa canister over a 24 hour period on the NAPS schedule. The samples are sent to Innotech for analysis using Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectroscopy for the WBEA target list of compounds.
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